References

Primary sources

Erbilgin, Nadir, Cary Ma, Caroline Whitehouse, Bin Shan, Ahmed Najar, and Maya Evenden. "Chemical Similarity between Historical and Novel Host Plants Promotes Range and Host Expansion of the Mountain Pine Beetle in a Naïve Host Ecosystem." Wiley Online Library. 30 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/10.1111/nph.12573/full>.

Keeling, Christopher I., Macaire M. Yuen, Nancy Y. Liao, T. Roderick Docking, Simon K. Chan, Greg A. Taylor, Diana L. Palmquist, Shaun D. Jackman, Anh Nguyen, Maria Li, Hannah Henderson, Jasmine K. Janes, Yongjun Zhao, Pawan Pandoh, Richard Moore, Felix Ah Sperling, Dezene P W Huber, Inanc Birol, Steven JM Jones, and Joerg Bohlmann. "Draft Genome of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae Hopkins, a Major Forest Pest." Genome Biology 14.3 (2013): R27.Genome Biology. 27 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://genomebiology.com/content/14/3/R27>.

Powell, Erinn N., and Kenneth F. Raffa. "Fire Injury Reduces Inducible Defenses of Lodgepole Pine against Mountain Pine Beetle." Journal of Chemical Ecology 37.11 (2011): 1184-192. Springer Complete Collection. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://link.springer.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/article/10.1007/s10886-011-0031-4>.

Sambaraju, Kishan R., Allan L. Carroll, Jun Zhu, Kerstin Stahl, R. Dan Moore, and Brian H. Aukema. "Climate Change Could Alter the Distribution of Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Western Canada." Ecography 35.3 (2011): 211-23. Wiley Online Library. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06847.x/full>.

Tsui, C. K. M., N. Feau, C. E. Ritland, S. Massoumi Alamouti, S. Diguistini, L. Khadempour, J. Bohlmann, C. Breuil, and R. C. Hamelin. "Characterization of Microsatellite Loci in the Fungus, Grosmannia Clavigera, a Pine Pathogen Associated with the Mountain Pine Beetle." Molecular Ecology Resources 9.6 (2009): 1500-503. Wiley Online Library. 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02717.x/abstract>.

Secondary sources

"Causes of Climate Change." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html>.

"Forest Health: Mountain Pine Beetle." National Parks Service. National Parks Service, 07 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/romo/naturescience/mtn_pine_beetle_background.htm>.

Furniss, R. L., and V. M. Carolin. Western Forest Insects. Washington, D.C.: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1977. N. pag. Dendroctonus Species of the Western United States. University of Georgia Bugwood Network, 11 July 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.barkbeetles.org/dendroctonus/GenDenW.html>.

Leatherman, D. A., I. Aguayo, and T. M. Mehall. "Mountain Pine Beetle." Colorado State University Extension. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05528.html>.

Mountain Pine Beetle, 111th Cong. (2009) (testimony of Herbert C. Frost). Print.

"Mountain Pine Beetle." DNRC Forestry Assistance. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://dnrc.mt.gov/forestry/Assistance/Pests/MtnPineBeetle.asp>.

"Mountain Pine Beetle." High Elevation White Pines. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/highelevationwhitepines/Management/Strategy/mpb.htm>.

Images

A mountain pine beetle adult. Digital image. Montanaclimatechange. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://montanaclimatechange.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/image-067.jpeg>.

BNF-Northern Region. Spraying at the Rombo Campground of the Bitterroot National Forest. Digital image. Hamilton's Own 1240 KYLQ. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://klyq.com/mountain-pine-beetle-battle-bitterroot-national-forest-is-spraying-campgrounds/>.

"Causes of Climate Change." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html>.

Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. Figure 204. N.d. Photograph.Blue Stain Fungi. Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/resources/health/field-guide/sds/bluestain.shtml>.

Large expanse of dead pine trees in British Columbia. Digital image. Blue Channel 24. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://www.bluechannel24.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/pine_beetle_forest_infestation.png>.

Leatherman, D. A., I. Aguayo, and T. M. Mehall. "Mountain Pine Beetle." Colorado State University Extension. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05528.html>.

"Mountain Pine Beetle." DNRC Forestry Assistance. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://dnrc.mt.gov/forestry/Assistance/Pests/MtnPineBeetle.asp>.

The only defense a pine tree has against this pest is to "pitch it out" by pushing sap through the beetle's galleries to flush them out and drown them. Digital image. Grande Prairie. City of Grande Prairie, n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cityofgp.com/index.aspx?page=909>.